Mary Mallon (1869–1938), better known as Typhoid Mary, was the first person in the United States identified as an asymptomatic carrier of typhoid fever. An Irish immigrant and talented cook, she spent nearly three decades in forced isolation after being linked to multiple deadly outbreaks of the disease.
 |
| Mallon (foreground) in a hospital bed in 1909. |
Born in Ireland in 1869, Mary Mallon immigrated to the United States in 1883. She was a talented cook for wealthy families in New York, a profession she took great pride in. Between 1900 and 1907, she worked for several households; in almost every one, family members and staff fell ill with typhoid fever shortly after her arrival. What made Mallon unique was that she never showed symptoms. While her employers suffered from high fevers and delirium, Mallon appeared perfectly healthy.
In 1906, after an outbreak in a vacation home in Oyster Bay, Long Island, a sanitary engineer named George Soper was hired to find the source. Soper eventually linked the various outbreaks to one common denominator: the cook.
Soper famously deduced that Mallon’s peach ice cream was likely the culprit. Because the dessert was made with raw fruit and not heated, the bacteria she carried (Salmonella typhi) remained alive and was passed to those who ate it. When Soper finally confronted Mallon, she was outraged. To her, a woman who had never been sick, the idea that she was a “walking germ factory” seemed like a malicious lie or a religious persecution.
 |
| Poster depiction of “Typhoid Mary” (1909). |
Mallon did not go quietly. When health officials and police arrived to take her for testing, she reportedly fought them off with a carving fork and had to be physically restrained. Tests eventually confirmed she was shedding massive amounts of typhoid bacteria from her gallbladder.
Mallon was forcibly quarantined on North Brother Island in the East River for three years (1907–1910). She was eventually released by a new health commissioner under one strict condition: she must never work as a cook again. However, she struggled with the low wages of laundry work and remained unconvinced of her “carrier” status. She disappeared from the authorities’ radar and returned to cooking under the alias “Mary Brown.” In 1915, she caused a major outbreak at Sloane Maternity Hospital in Manhattan, infecting 25 people and killing two.
 |
| Mary Mallon, better known as Typhoid Mary, sits fourth from right among a group of inmates quarantined on an isolated island on the Long Island Sound. |
After the hospital outbreak, public sympathy for Mary evaporated. She was returned to North Brother Island, where she remained in forced isolation for the rest of her life, another 23 years. She was quite active until 1932, when she suffered a stroke; afterwards, she was confined to the hospital. She never completely recovered, and half of her body remained paralyzed.
On November 11, 1938, she died of pneumonia at age 69. Mallon’s body was cremated, and her ashes were buried in at Saint Raymond’s Cemetery in the Bronx. Nine people attended the funeral. Some sources claim that an autopsy found evidence of live typhoid bacteria in Mallon’s gallbladder. Soper wrote, however, that there was no autopsy, a claim cited by other researchers to assert a conspiracy to calm public opinion after her death.