in German) were enormous holding areas where confiscated church bells were stockpiled before being melted down for the war effort. After bells were removed from towers, they were taken by ships and freight trains to smelting works, where large holding areas held the bells before they were taken to the furnace and converted back into bronze ingots.
During the First World War, 44 percent of the bells in Germany alone were lost, many given willingly to support the war effort, and some not so willingly. It is estimated that around 65,000 bells amounting to 21,000 tons were melted down during WWI.
Between 1939 and 1945, the Nazis confiscated over 175,000 bells from towers throughout Europe. To feed their war machine, bells were broken down and melted into large bronze ingots at the bell cemeteries, then sent along to refineries for further processing — the two largest just outside Hamburg. There, the bells were reduced to their component metals: mostly copper and tin, but also lead, zinc, silver, and gold. Tin, especially, became shell casings and armaments.
The Nazis were systematic about it. They graded bells into four groups, A through D, based on historical or cultural value. “A” bells were cast within the preceding ninety years and generally considered without merit, they were the first to be destroyed. Types C and D represented historically valuable bells — type C was put on hold for examination by art historians, while type D was protected. Only one bell was allowed per church, usually the lightest.
Some 150,000 bells were sent to foundries and melted down for their copper. British investigators claimed every single bell was taken out of the Netherlands, with only 300 surviving their stay in the bell cemeteries.
“The so-called bell cemeteries, where the bells were laid to rest before they fell victim to destruction, had something inexpressibly melancholy,” said bell specialist Kramer, quoting a contemporary witness. Smaller bells were smashed with hammers, larger ones blown up: “Usually the bell rang again at the moment it was blown, as if it had made its last wail.”
In defiance, some communities attempted to hide their bells, often by burying them in surrounding grounds or on parishioners' land, but this had to be completed before Nazis took a local inventory and in collusion with the presiding clergy. It was a grave risk.
After the end of WWII, around 13,000 bells that were confiscated but not melted still remained in bell cemeteries. In 1947, the Allied authorities set up a committee, the Ausschuss für die Rückführung der Glocken (ARG), to safeguard the remaining bells and coordinate their return.
Canadian Percival Price, Canada’s first dominion carillonneur and designer of the Peace Tower carillon in Ottawa, was dispatched to help investigate and repatriate as many bells as possible, serving the Monuments Men. He spent two years helping Austrian, Belgian, Dutch, West German, and Italian government commissions locate and repatriate bells.
The repatriation process is ongoing even today. Some bells cast in the 1930s and emblazoned with the swastika or a tribute to Adolf Hitler still hang in local bell towers in Germany, causing a rift between cash-strapped churches who can't afford to replace them and concerned citizens.